This may not be a test of tax evasion – it was a second century, but it was such a gravitational force that the defendants faced falsification, financial fraud and silence of slaves. Tax dodging, taxation is as old as itself, but these special violations are the worst in the worst case, which is worse than the severe penalty and constant exile, the worst case is worst.
Allegations were discovered in the Judian Desert for decades ago, but recently drawn in a papyrus; This prosecutor is prepared for a training sheet and a court hearing. According to ancient notes, tax evasion chart preventing the falsification or release of illegal sales and mangol and release – all prevents payments in an area of Judah and Arabia in accordance with today's Israel and Jordan.
Both tax dodger men were men. One named Gadalias was a notary's son of the notary with the connections of the local administrative elite. In addition to being convicted of the settlement and fake, his mistakes include the catalog, four-time banditrors, and four times and four times, the Roman governor's court could not show the jury. Gadalias's criminal partner was a certain Saulos, a “friendly and employee” and a well-known master's master. Although the defendant's ethnicity is clearly stated, their Jewish personalities are adopted on the basis of their pepper names, asylum and Saul.
This ancient legal drama led the third and last war between the Armenian, the Armenian, the Jewish BAR and the Empire, after a tour of the Emperor's Around 130 CE, in the early 132 AD. The residence was violently compressed and killed hundreds of thousands, and the most surviving Jewish population took the name of Syria Palestina in Syria.
“Papyrus, Roman power reflects the doubt he looked at Jewish subjects,” he said. He noted that Bar Kochba has archeological evidence for planning to coordinate with Kochba rebellion. “Tax events such as Gadalias and Saulos, which are inclined to disregard for the Roman command,” Dolganov said.
The existing number TrishThe antique period published by the University of Vienna, Dr. Dolqanov and three Austria and Israeli acting in court proceedings. Their paper relieves how the Roman authorities and the Imperial Law can affect the leadership of justice in the start of the year of a Roman citizen.
“The document provides a rare and high interesting evidence for the slave trade in this part of the empire,” he said, “Classic Kleboe at Tulane University, which is the slaves of the Jews,” he said.
After papyrus trail
No one or whose papyrus was not identified, Dr. Dolganov, this was found by Bedouin antique dealers in the 1950s. Discovery suspects the Nahal Hever, several bar Kochba refugees in the west of the Dead Sea, who fled from Kochba rebels, took refuge in natural shortcoming linear caves on the lime rocks. In 1960, archaeologists found the documents of the period in one of the Jewish hiding outs. Others have been found since today.
Initially, the 133-line landslide in the archives of the ancient antiques of Israel, Hannah Coaliel, who was classic at the Hebrew University of Gudsal University, under 2014, he realized that he was written in ancient Greek. In the light of the document and in the light of the extraordinary length, a detailed physical examination and other historical sources collected a scientist to conduct a detailed physical examination and transition names and places.
Reconstruction of Dr. Dolganov to Dr. Dolganov to reconstruct the deciphering and complex narrative of the papyrus. “The letters are full of small and closely and are full of high rhetoric and technical legal terms,” he said. Unlike documents such as contracts, there were no formula expressions that facilitate translation. “Of course, it does not help the original only to the second half or less,” said Dr. Dolganov.
Researchers were designed to avoid the notice of the tax scheme that was required to provide careful detective work to bring together. “I should have accepted the perspective of the Rome Finance Department to understand what the text is talking about.” Dr. Dolganov was forced to imagine Dodge in terms of the suspect: to make tax fraud with slave trade in the most remote corner of the Roman world, what should you do and make an effort?
Ancient scheme gave deep resonance with modern tax lawyers. German lawyer Dr. Dolganova said that Gadalias and saulos are not different from the most common forms of tax fraud, today's tax fraud – assets, Fony. And Roman interrogation methods were mainly in accordance with Untersuchungsungshilight – due to investigative control – intimidation for financial crimes and often covers wildly surveys.
“Dr. Dolganov is a classic classic in Brenteton University, which is a classical university in Brenteton, which is a classical to the University of Brenteton, which is a classical to the University of Brenteton.
Rebels for a reason
According to Gadalias and Saulos, according to the Roman government, the text also shows that the text is not in a unique financial investigation. Saulos, who is the most likely scenario, Dr. Dolganov, a resident of Jewish, organized a counterfeit of several servants living in the neighboring province of Arabia.
Selling along the border of the year, the slaves would be printed from Saulos's assets in Judea. However, because they are physically staying with Saulos, the alleged buyer, Chaeereas may prefer not to declare them in Arabia. “Thus, on paper, slaves disappeared in Judea, but he never came to Arabia, thus visited the Roman leaders,” said Dr. Dolganov. “After that, these slaves would prevent all taxes.”
The empire had complex systems to watch slave ownership and collect various taxes, which was 4 percent in the slave, which was 5 percent on manumburs. “To release the slave in the empire, you must provide documentary evidence of the current and previous property of the slave, which must be officially registered,” said Dr. Dolganov. “If any document seems missing or suspicious, they will investigate Rome managers.”
To hide Saulos's double workshop, the son of Notaria Gadalias, openly closed the sale and other legal agreements. Authorities, when the issue is aware of the issue, the defendants made payments to protect against a local city council. In court, Gadalias blamed the late father for the porgan and Saulos closed sanctions in Shaereas. Papyrus does not report their motives. “Why men took the risk of freedom of slave without reliable documents,” said Dr. Dr. Dolganov.
One probability observed a Jewish Bible debt to release the gadalias and saulos, to release the gadalias and saulos, falsifying the sale of slaves and afterwards. Or perhaps the perhaps the eager participants – even the eager participants – even the eager participants – to make a profit from the border, bringing “slavery” from freedom to the empire. Or maybe Gadalias and Saulos were human traffickers, straight and simple – Dr. Dolganov, not supported them in the text because alternative story lines are completely speculative.
The most surprising thing about the trial, he said that the prosecutors are professionalism. They worked with Cicero and Kvintilia's worthy rhetorical strategies and showed an excellent command of Roman legal conditions and concepts in Greek. “This is the edge of the Roman Empire, and Boom, we see high-caliber law practitioners who are authorized to the laws of Rome,” he said, Dadganov said.
Papyrus does not reveal the final judgment. “If the Rome was confident, these criminals and executive, Gadalias as a member of the local citizen elite, Gadalias can result in more death through deffulating,” said Dr. Dolganov. “In any proportion, almost anything is better than being eaten by leopards.”